In Crew Earth Observations (CEO), crew members on the International Space Station (ISS) photograph the Earth from their unique point of view in low Earth orbit. Photographs record how the planet is changing over time, from human-caused changes like urban growth and reservoir construction, to natural dynamic events such as hurricanes, floods and volcanic eruptions. A major emphasis of CEO is to monitor disaster response events in support of the International Disaster Charter (IDC). CEO imagery provides researchers on Earth with key data to understand the planet from the perspective of the ISS. Crew members have been photographing Earth from space since the early Mercury missions beginning in 1961. The continuous images taken from the ISS ensure this record remains unbroken. Astronauts have used hand-held cameras to photograph the Earth for more than 40 years. Beginning with the Mercury missions in the early 1960s, astronauts have taken more than 1.5 million photographs of the Earth. Today, the International Space Station (ISS) continues the NASA tradition of Earth observation from human-tended spacecraft. Operational since November 2000, the ISS is well suited for documenting Earth features. The ISS maintains an altitude between 220 - 286 miles (354 - 460 km) above the Earth, and an orbital inclination of 51.6?, providing an excellent stage for observing most populated areas of the world.

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• JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY

SCIOPS Short Name: JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY Version ID: Not provided Unique ID: C1214605380-SCIOPS

This collection contains thousands images of impact craters from all continents except Antarctica. The collection shows that fewer craters have been discovered in South America, Asia, Africa and Australia, perhaps because these continents have been less explored in geological terms. Craters in Europe are excluded because they are difficult to see (due to intense glacial erosion in the recent past and due to relatively the dense vegetation (as with the equatorial rainforest zones of South America, Africa and Asia).

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• JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_IMPACT_CRATERS

SCIOPS Short Name: JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_IMPACT_CRATERS Version ID: Not provided Unique ID: C1214605383-SCIOPS

A hand-held Nikon D3s camera was modified to allow near-infrared (NIR) photography from the International Space Station. Astronaut Don Pettit first initiated the camera conversion to collect imagery of the red emissions of auroras while on Expedition 30 of the ISS. Other applications include vegetation investigations for the daytime color IR images.

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• JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_NIR

SCIOPS Short Name: JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_NIR Version ID: Not provided Unique ID: C1214605399-SCIOPS

Explore the capital cities around the world and the U.S. capital city collection, as captured from the International Space Station. This collection contains thousands of images of capital cities worldwide, with a separate option of viewing United States state capitals. Extreme variation in the sizes of capital cities has resulted in different lenses being needed to capture cities and some of the surrounding countryside. Detailed images showing smaller parts of many larger, well-known cities can be searched for separately, using the name of the city.

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• JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_CAPITAL_CITIES

SCIOPS Short Name: JSC_CEO_ESRS_ASTRONAUT_PHOTOGRAPHY_CAPITAL_CITIES Version ID: Not provided Unique ID: C1214605371-SCIOPS

General information: Principle Investigator for the WHITE-LIGHT CORONAGRAPH experiment was Dr. R. Macqueen, U of Colorado, Boulder, CO This experiment, located in the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) on SKYLAB, used an externally occulted coronagraph to monitor (between 4000 and 6000 A) the brightness, form, and polarization of the solar corona at radial distances between 1.5 and 6.0 solar radii. The net angular resolution was 8.2 arc seconds (corresponding to 6000 km in the corona). A solar disk illuminated step wedge, covering the intensity range of 10E-8 to 10E-10 solar radiances, was imaged on each picture frame by a supplementary optical system. Instrumentally scattered light was reduced to the order of 10E-10 mean solar radiances. The main body of data was recorded on Kodak special film 026-02, while a television system provided backup capabilities. Polarization data were obtained using a polarization wheel assembly that contained a clear (open) aperture and three polaroid apertures with polarization planes displaced about 120 deg from each other. Four separate operating modes were used: a standard patrol mode, providing three exposures durations (3, 9, and 27 s) at four different polaroid wheel positions, expending 12 frames over 5.5 min; an extended standard patrol mode, which repeated the standard patrol mode for three times and took 16.2 min; a continuous patrol mode, which took one exposure every 27.5 s, sequencing through 9-, 27-, and 3-s exposures with the filter wheel locked in the clear position; and the fast scan mode, which took 72 frames in 16.2 min, sequencing through 27-, 9-, and 3-s exposures with 0.5 s between exposures and the filter wheel locked in the clear position. Each frame taken contains an image of the solar corona and the occulting disk with out-of-focus occulting disk pylon, intensity calibration pattern, four fiducial marks, and a diode matrix array that contains operating mode, wheel position, Sun-center pointing, instrument internal alignment, spacecraft roll, and time-of-day information. Although minor problems did occur (e.g., 0.5 percent of the frames were overlapped due to an incomplete frame advance; a stalled film transport motor resulting in a loss of photographic data from days-of-year 161 to 170; occulting disk contamination by dust caused blemishes in the images on two separate occasions lasting 6 and 27 days, etc.), five film loads of approximately 228.60 m (750 ft) each were taken from the time of the first manned mission through the last manned mission. Datasets available: ------------------- 1. Fourth- (Pos.) and Fifth- (Neg.) Generation Copies of a Coronagraph Photograph (NSSDC ID 73-027A-04A) This data set is a complete set of all frames photographed on all Skylab missions. Approximately 36,000 frames of data were taken, or about 609.60 m (2,000 ft) of 35-mm black and white film. These frames are in chronological order. The copy supplied to NSSDC was made by contact printing the original 026-02 flight film using SO-355 film with processing optimized for the 9-s clear exposure (i.e., no polarizer in place). These data have a step wedge located in the center of the occulting disk. These data are available as 35-mm negative or positive copies or as enlargements on film or paper. For enlargements on paper, the step wedge is usually covered. Also Supplied: 'The High Altitude Observatory White-Light Coronagraph Experiment For the Apollo Telescope Mount,' no author, July 1975 'The ATM Mission Operations Log' 2. Selected Flare Data, Set 1 (NSSDC ID 73-027A-04B) This data set, contained on one roll of 35-mm black and white film, includes only data relevant to the following five solar flares - July 29, 1973, at 1330 UT; August 9, 1973, at 1553 UT; September 5, 1973, at 1834 UT; September 7, 1973, at 1203 UT; and January 21, 1974, at 2320 UT. The data include samples taken around 24, 18, 12, and 6 h before the flare in question, all data taken from 1 h before through 2 h after the flare, and data samples taken at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the flare. This is a subset of the previously mentioned dataset (NSSDC ID 73-027A-04A), and was generated at NSSDC. Also Supplied: 'The High Altitude Observatory White-Light Coronagraph for the Apollo Telescope Mount,' no author, July 1975 'The Supporting Documentation for ATM Flare Subset Film (73-027A-04B)' The High Altitude Observatory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research maintains a digital version of the full data set above. Interested users should contact Alice Lecinski, the Technical Contact, to request data in digital form.

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• Skylab-04

SCIOPS Short Name: Skylab-04 Version ID: Not provided Unique ID: C1214584435-SCIOPS